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| Municipal Waste including Plastics | Large variation in composition, leading to inconsistent combustion and potential for creating harmful emissions. Plastics can increase the chlorine content, leading to corrosion and buildup issues within the kiln. |
| Biomass | Can create slagging and fouling issues due to high alkali and silica content, necessitating robust refractory materials. Can increase alkali content and cause buildup. |
| Rubber Tires | High calorific value but can produce toxic emissions and excessive ash, requiring careful handling and specific combustion conditions. They can increase sulfur content and cause buildup due to high ash and metallic content. |
| Sewage Sludge | High moisture and ash content can disrupt kiln stability and necessitate additional pre-treatment or blending with other fuels. Can increase sulfur content and cause buildup due to high moisture and ash content. |